A Phenomenological Study of The Sociocultural Factors Influencing Men’s Participation in Family Planning Programs

Abstract

Objective
This phenomenological study explored sociocultural factors influencing men's participation in family planning (FP).

Methods
A descriptive qualitative phenomenological study was conducted in X Jakarta, Indonesia, from February to March 2026. Participants were recruited using purposive sampling. Data were collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews and analyzed using Colaizzi’s seven-step phenomenological method. Trustworthiness was ensured through member checking, peer debriefing, audit trails, and reflexive journaling. Ethical approval was obtained, and written informed consent was secured from all participants before data collection.

Results
Four interrelated themes emerged from the analysis. Men's understanding of FP was shaped by unequal reproductive health socialization and limited access to male-oriented reproductive health information, resulting in FP being perceived primarily as a woman's responsibility. This perception was reinforced by socio-cultural norms and traditional gender expectations. Despite these influences, contraceptive decision-making was generally characterized by communication and mutual agreement between spouses. However, men's participation remained constrained by psychological concerns regarding contraceptive safety, unequal access to reproductive health information, and prevailing masculinity norms.

Conclusion
Men's participation in FP is influenced by gendered reproductive health socialization, socio-cultural norms, marital communication, and multiple barriers to engagement. Gender-inclusive FP programs, including male-focused education and couple-centered counseling, are needed to promote shared reproductive responsibility.

Keywords

Family planning, men’s participation, phenomenology, sociocultural factors