Determinants of Musculoskeletal Disorder Among Nurses

Dinda Isabela; Masyithah Fadhani; Hidayati Hidayati; Tuti Oktriani

doi:10.32419/jppni.v11i2.935

Determinants of Musculoskeletal Disorder Among Nurses

Dinda Isabela, Masyithah Fadhani, Hidayati Hidayati, Tuti Oktriani

Abstract

Objective
To Identify the predictive determinants and associated factors of Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) among nurses at Rumah Sakit Otak Dr. M. Hatta Bukittinggi.

Methods
This study employed a quantitative analytical approach with a cross-sectional design. Respondents were 110 nurses who were selected via proportional random sampling using a lottery methods. Data were collected using the validated Nordic Body Map (NBM) and NASA-TLX workload questionnaires. Bivariate analysis applied the Chi-Square test and variable with p < 0.25 were entered into a backward logistic regression for multivariate modelling, controlling for confounding variables.

Results
More than a half of the respondents (55.53%) experienced moderate MSDs. There is a significant associations between MSDs and age (p=0.000), gender (p=0.014), years of service (p=0.001), Body Mass Index (BMI) (p=0.000), and workload (p=0.046). Furthermore, age is the most dominant factor associated with MSDs (Exp(B)=10.156).

Conclusion
Age, BMI, and workloads are critical factors for occupational MSDs. Implementing targeted ergonomic protocols and tailored physical support for older clinical staff is essential to mitigate injury risks and ensure high-quality health service.

Keywords

Age, Body Mass Index, musculoskeletal disorders, nurses, workload

Full Text:

PDF

References

Amiri, S. (2022). Longer working hours and musculoskeletal pain: A Meta-analysis. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 29, 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2022.2036488

Anggarani, P.M.A. (2022). Keluhan muskuloskeletal pada perawat di rumah sakit swasta di Surabaya. Indonesian Journal of Physiotherapy Research and Education IJOPRE, 3(1), 10–14. https://doi.org/10.33024/hjk.v18i8.450

Aulianingrum, P. (2022). Risk factors of musculoskeletal disorders in office workers. The Indonesian Journal of Occupational Safety and Health, 11, 68–77. https://doi.org/10.20473/ijosh.v11SI.2022.68-77

Creswell, J.W., & Creswell, J.D. (2023). Research design qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage Publications Ltd.

Dewi, N.F. (2020). Identifikasi risiko ergonomi dengan metode nordic identifikasi risiko ergonomi dengan metode nordic body map terhadap perawat Poli Rs X. Jurnal Sosial Humaniora Terapan, 2(2), 125-134.

EL-Matury, H.J., Syahlan, N., & Baharuddin, M.R.B. (2026). Determinants of musculoskeletal disorder in formal and informal workers in Indonesia. Kesmas: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Nasional, 21(2), 102–107. https://doi.org/10.7454/kesmas.v21i2.2638

Faqih, M.A., Febiyani, A., & Munang, A. (2025). Relationship between physical workload and work fatigue in labor-intensive manufacturing: An integrated CVL and SSRT approach. Journal Industrial Servicess, 11(2), 527–536. https://doi.org/10.62870/jiss.v11i2.35944

Foncubierta-Rodríguez, M.-J., Poza-Méndez, M., & Holgado-Herrero, M. (2024). Workplace health promotion programs: The role of compliance with workers’ expectations, the reputation and the productivity of the company. Journal of Safety Research, 89, 56–63. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2024.02.008

Hart, S.G., & Staveland, L.E. (1988). Development of NASA-TLX (Task Load Index): Results of empirical and theoretical research. In P. A. Hancock & N. Meshkati (Eds.), Human Mental Workload, Vol. 52, 139–183. North-Holland. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4115(08)62386-9

Hartati, T.S.P., & Isaura, E.R. (2023). Three body mass index classification comparison in predicting hypertension among middle-aged Indonesians. Media Gizi Indonesia, 18(1), 38–48. https://doi.org/10.20473/mgi.v18i1.38-48

Hawke, A. (2025). Patient handling interventions and their role in reducing musculoskeletal disorders among healthcare workers [Doctoral Dissertation]. Department of Kinestiology and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Technological University, Michigan, United States. https://doi.org/10.37099/mtu.dc.etdr/1967

Hudson, S., Barwood, M., Low, C., Wills, J., & Fish, M. (2023). A systematic review of the physiological and biomechanical differences between males and females in response to load carriage during walking activities. Applied Ergonomics, 114, 104123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2023.104123

Kang, M., Kim, I., Park, C., & Min, A. (2025). Relationship between musculoskeletal disorders and productivity loss among hospital nurses: An analytical cross-sectional study with secondary data analysis. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 57(5), 789–798. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/jnu.70020

Kuorinka, I., Jonsson, B., Kilbom, A., Vinterberg, H., Biering-Sørensen, F., Andersson, G., & Jørgensen, K. (1987). Standardised Nordic questionnaires for the analysis of musculoskeletal symptoms. Applied ergonomics, 18(3), 233–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-6870(87)90010-x

Lin, S. C., Lin, L.L., Liu, C.J., Fang, C.K., & Lin, M.H. (2020). Exploring the factors affecting musculoskeletal disorders risk among hospital nurses. PLoS ONE, 15(4), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231319

Liu, F., Duan, Y., Wang, Z., Ling, R., Xu, Q., Sun, J., Liu, Y., ..., & Wu, C. (2025). Mixed adverse ergonomic factors exposure in relation to work-related musculoskeletal disorders: a multicenter cross-sectional study of Chinese medical personnel. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-99477-9

Liu, M., Rong, J., An, X., Li, Y., Min, Y., Yuan, G., Yang, Y., & Li, M. (2025). Global, regional, and national burden of musculoskeletal disorders, 1990–2021: An analysis of the global burden of disease study 2021 and forecast to 2035. Frontiers in Public Health, Volume 13-2025. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1562701

Maliki, M., Aprisunadi, A., Susanti, F., & Kalsum, U. (2024). Hubungan asuhan keperawatan ortopedi dengan tingkat kepuasan pasien di RSU Adhyaksa. Jurnal Persatuan Perawat Nasional Indonesia (JPPNI), 9, 41-49. https://doi.org/10.32419/jppni.v9i1.565

Marras, W.S. (2006). Fundamentals and assessment tools for occupational ergonomics. 2nd Edition, Taylor and Francis Group, LLC, 3-17 https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420003635

Meisya, A. (2024). Faktor-faktor karakteristik individu dan imt yang berhubungan dengan gangguan muskuloskeletal akibat pekerjaan pada perawat di RSUD dr. Rasidin Padang tahun 2024 [Undergraduate thesis]. Program Studi Ilmu Keperawatan, Fakultas Keperawatan, Universitas Andalas, Padang, Indonesia.

Mwebaze, N., Makubuya, T., Kamwebaze, M., Mwase, M., Ojara, R.R., Opio, P., Lumbuye, L., & Nahwera, L. (2025). Physiological sex differences in response to exercise. Turkish Journal of Kinesiology, 11(4), 241–249. https://doi.org/10.31459/turkjkin.1692902

Nayak, P.P., Das, S., & Swain, M. (2026). Nursing care challenges and overcoming strategies among stroke patients. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 15(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_178_25

Nobles, K., Cunningham, K., Fecondo, B., Closs, S.M., Donovan, K., & Kumar, M.A. (2024). Mobilization in neurocritical care: Challenges and opportunities. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports, 25(1), 11–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-024-01399-y

Prawatya, Y.E., Wijayanto, D., Uslianti, S., Rahmahwati, R., Wahyudi, T., & Citra, R.W. (2023). Evaluasi beban kerja mental dan tingkat kelelahan perawat terhadap shift kerja di Rumah Sakit XYZ dengan metode NASA-TLX dan Bourdon Wiersma. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Teknik Industri (SENASTI), 1, 406–415.

Putri, S.E., Suwandi, T. (2018). Hubungan angkat angkut pasien dengan keluhan musculoskeletal disorders (MSD’S) pada perawat ruang rawat inap RSUD Teluk Kuantan Tahun 2018. Photon: Jurnal Sain Dan Kesehatan, 9(1), 112–121. https://doi.org/10.37859/jp.v9i1.1063

Rahimna, F. (2023). Hubungan beban kerja dengan gangguan muskuloskeletal pada perawat di ruang rawat inap bedah RSUP Dr. M. Djamil Padang Tahun 2023 [Undergraduate thesis]. Program Studi Ilmu Keperawatan, Fakultas Keperawatan, Universitas Andalas, Padang, Indonesia.

Rahmawati, I.N., Pawestri, F.N., Putra, K.R. (2024). Beban kerja mental berhubungan dengan keluhan gangguan muskuloskeletal pada perawat di rumah sakit. Dunia Keperawatan: Jurnal Keperawatan dan Kesehatan, 2(1), 88–97. https://doi.org/10.20527/dk.v12i1.630

Sepehrian, R., Hashjin, A.A., & Farahmandnia, H. (2024). Nurses’ viewpoint of sustaining work despite musculoskeletal pain: A qualitative study. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 13(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_1689_23

Serumena, G.E., Suhendi, Y., & Haqa, M.N. (2026). Challenges of ergonomics in hospitals: A literature review on the prevention of injuries and work fatigue. MAHESA: Malahayati Health Student Journal, 6(4), 120–139. https://doi.org/10.33024/mahesa.v6i4.22132

Sontis, N., Korompilias, A., Pakos, A., Gkiatas, I., & Gelalis, I.D. (2025). Work-related musculoskeletal disorders and quality of life in nursing personnel across Northwestern Greece. Cureus, 17(6), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.86022

Sousa, A.D., Baixinho, C.L., Presado, M.H., & Henriques, M.A. (2023). The effect of interventions on preventing musculoskeletal injuries related to nurses work: Systematic review. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 13(2), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm13020185

Sulasmi, N.P.W., Mustriwati, K.A., Atmaja, I.K.W. (2020). Hubungan masa kerja dan posisi tubuh saat bekerja dengan keluhan musculoskeletal pada perawat. Community Publishing in Nursing (COPING), 8(1), 105-110.

Supardi, K.F.N., Winarti, A., & Suprajatno, A. (2022). Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi keluhan muskuloskeletal pada perawat di ruang IGD dan Kamar Operasi RSUD Prambanan. Jurnal Inovasi Penelitian, 3(2), 5091–5100. https://doi.org/10.47492/jip.v3i2.1774

Tamboosi, E., Tamboosi, M., & Tamboosi, S. (2025). Association between patient lifting systems and musculoskeletal disorders among nurses in Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Physical Therapy Research & Practice, 4, 321–334. https://doi.org/10.62464/ijoprp.v4i7.110

Vincent, H.K., Heywood, K., Connelly, J., & Hurley, R.W. (2012). Obesity and weight loss in the treatment and prevention of osteoarthritis. PM&R, 4(5S), S59–S67. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2012.01.005

Vinstrup, J., Jakobsen, M.D., Nielsen, A.B., & Andersen, L.L. (2024). Ergonomic challenges in healthcare: mapping physical load during patient transfers using electromyographic field measurements. Frontiers in Public Health, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1459595

Weale, V., Stuckey, R., Kinsman, N., & Oakman, J. (2022). Workplace musculoskeletal disorders: A systematic review and key stakeholder interviews on the use of comprehensive risk management approaches. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 91, 103338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ergon.2022.103338

Yanti, S.D., Fujianti, S., Apriandini, S.N., Fathaddin, A.T.A., Fikriya, A., Mardhiyah, A., & Hendrawati, S. (2024). Gangguan muskuloskeletal pada perawat di rumah sakit: A literature review. Holistik Jurnal Kesehatan, 18(8), 1011–1020. https://doi.org/10.33024/hjk.v18i8.450

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.32419/jppni.v11i2.935